Altan Uruk golden clan, Chingis Khan's family, the Golden family which ruled the Mongol Empire Anda (ahn' dah) sworn brother in arms Arban a troop of 10 warriors, in each arban the men elected their own commander Argali animal with the body of a sheep and horns bent like a ram, Asian mountain sheep Ayil a household camp or a group of such camps Bagadur (bahg a door') (bahadur) hero or commander, a rank equal to a knight in western chivalry Bagatur (bahg a toor') a venomous fighter, when used following a name it means the Brave, (Yesugei Bagatur = Yesugei the Brave) Baligh city Ballista an ancient military siege engine often in the form of a crossbow used to hurl large missiles, javelins or stones Baran-gar (barun-gar, baraunghar) the Right Wing of the Mongol army Battue a hunting style common to the Mongols. The hunters formed a circle and drove the game into an inner ring where they were killed Boghtaq conical headdress decorated with precious stones and peacock feathers, worn by married women Bogul (boghul) slaves of Mongols, people taken in raids Borjigun Blue-eyed Men, ancestors of Genghis Khan Eke^otuken earth mother Erlik Khan ruler of the underworld Everlasting Blue Sky Jenghiz was the Everlasting Blue Sky's preordained envoy on earth, he and all his clan were favored by the Everlasting Blue Sky, Chingis believed he had been ordered by the Sky to govern all peoples, and that he was Khan by the power of the Eternal Blue Sky (mongke tengri-yin Kuchun-dur) Ger round felt tent which required large numbers of poles and laths Gerkeh the inner ring where the game in a great hunt was driven and where the kill took place Grut boiled sour milk which was dried in the sun and stored in leather sacks for winter use Hoyin-irgen forest hunters Jagun a squadron of 100 warriors Jun-gar (Junghar and Jounghar) the Left Wing of the Mongol Army Kabtaut the night guard, about 80 men, part of the Keshik Kagan (khaghan, khakhan) emperor Kanum Kotan the land of evil gods, unseen forces, in northern Siberia Kelet (kele) a spirit guard as well as a corps d'elite, organized on a strictly autocratic basis, recruited from ..."young men, agile and well shaped, from the families of noyans, chiliarchs and centurions, as well as from freemen (Tarkat or Darkhat) . The Guard included a picked 1,000 of `braves', bagaturs, later it was increased to 10,000. In battle this corps was always to be in the front line; in time of peace, it mounted guard". Khol (Kul) the Center of the Mongol Army, was probably the Imperial Guard or Keshik Kuriltai (Khuriltai or Quriltai) a congress or national gathering of the Khan's clansmen and of the Mongol Aristocracy that owed obedience to the Kagan, as the head of the empire ruling by the "power of the Eternal Sky" Kuriyen a circle formed by wheeled wagons Maikhan light traveling tent, round felt tent the Mongols called Ger Mangonel a siege engine capable of hurling large projectiles, usually stones, at the enemy, the Mongols were reported to have used one with a range of 400 yards; they also had portable mangonels which they carried on pack animals Maral Doe. A deer. A female deer. Massif a large mountain pass Minghan (mingghan) a regiment of 1,000 men; the officers were appointed by the Khan and held the rank of noyan Mongke Tengri the Everlasting Blue Sky, the sky was God, also the power that controlled the evil forces of Kanun Kotan Mongol probably comes from the Mangkhol, one of the leading tribes of the union Naccara war drums, kettle drums, carried on the backs of camels Names most Mongolian names consist of two words, first is the proper name, second is an epithet or clan identification Naran sun Nerkeh a circle to mark the outer boundary of a hunting territory Nokud warriors who were also free men Noyan (noi' yohn) (noyon) a baron, duke, leader, or chief Nutuk (nutuq) a homeland, orbit of migration, or grazing lands Omuk clan or tribe Ordu Mongol word for a camp, also the source of the English word horde, a command of riders Pignate earthen pot, carried by warriors and used for cooking meat Qarachu arad commoners, a pastoral social class Qara utai tergen wheeled wagon Qasaq-tergen wheeled wagons Qumiz (koo' miz) (qumys) fermented mare's milk Shiralgha a hunter may claim a portion of an animal that has been killed but not yet carved Taiga (Tayga) dense forest growth of Ibir-Sibir or northern forest in high Asia Tarkhan (tar' khan) (Turkic title) a warlord of the prairie who protected his herd with armed followers, the wealthiest of them became the aristocrats of the steppes, the noyans or princes Tengri (Tangri) spirits of the upper air that loosed the whirlwinds and thunder, (Heaven) Tangri is both sky and god Terracine rice wine (var. terracina which is rice mead) Tuk (tugh, tuq) the standard of the commander, Jenghiz' standard, the white standard with jagged edge of nine points (nine yak tails) , all his orders were issued under the tuk Tulughma a maneuver whereby the light cavalry on the wings spread round to envelop the enemy while the center was engaged Tumen (Tuman, Touman) a division of 10,000 warriors, officers of the tumens were appointed by the Khan and held the rank of noyan. Tunghaut day guard (70 men) of the Keshik, they were to protect the khan, attached to the Army of the Center, probably organized about 1203 Ulus coalition of tribes, small nation or tribe, also later the Mongol nation Usun family Yam (jam) a station of the horse post, the Imperial Postal Service Yasun sub-clans or bones Yeke mongghol ulus the empire of the Great Mongols Yurt a structure made up of a wooden frame covered by felt, sometimes the roof was thatched, Mongol armies were housed in yurts, herdsmen live in them today